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Wednesday, January 7, 2026

Science in Antiquity: Part 6

 Many modern people have a very limited view of history. They can only see or think about five or ten years into the past. They see history as boring and they think of the ancients as ignorant and backward. This was actually not true. What the ancients lacked was the modern accumulation of facts. An ancient Israelite would have been very puzzled and culture-shocked to have been dumped into the modern world, but he or she could have eventually learned to drive a car or to cook on a stove or to use a cellphone.

The ancients were just as intelligent as we are but the accumulation of scientific facts had not yet reached a critical point. Human knowledge took centuries to double, fact by fact. As knowledge accumulated, the rate of accumulation began to speed up. Every answer exposes a new question. Buckminster Fuller spoke of the Knowledge Doubling Curve which was relatively flat for centuries, then began a slow climb, and then went into an explosive upward thrust.

By the end of the 19th Century, knowledge was doubling once per century. By about 1945, the rate of doubling was about every 25 years. By 1982, the rate was about every 12-13 months. By 2020, the doubling was occurring about every 12 hours. With at least 50,000,000,000 devices now operating and with the rise of artificial intelligence, the rate may now be in minutes.

 

Ca 290 BC/BCE: Aristarchus of Samos says that the Earth orbits the sun.

3rd cent BC (300-201): The Greek physician and anatomist, Erasistratus, specialized in the study of the human circulatory and nervous systems. He differentiated between sensory and motor nerves, distinguished between the cerebrum and the cerebellum, and traced arteries and veins back to the heart. He was invented a type of catheter.

Ca 300 BC: The Mayans develop advanced mathematics and an accurate Calendar.

Ca 300 BC: Euclid, a Greek mathematician, expounds his geometrical theories of plane geometry, solid geometry, optics, optical perspective, and proportion.

Ca 340 BC/BCE: The Macedonians utilize catapults as weapons.